> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.gu1.ai/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

# Monitoreo AML

> Cumplimiento regulatorio y detección de lavado de dinero en tiempo real — en el producto de monitoreo transaccional gu1 para fraude y AML.

## Introducción

El monitoreo AML (Anti-Money Laundering) es un requisito regulatorio para instituciones financieras, fintechs y procesadores de pago. gu1 te permite detectar patrones sospechosos de lavado de dinero, estructuración y financiamiento del terrorismo en tiempo real.

## Regulaciones Cubiertas

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="FATF/GAFI" icon="earth-americas">
    Financial Action Task Force - Estándares internacionales
  </Card>

  <Card title="BSA/AML (USA)" icon="flag-usa">
    Bank Secrecy Act y regulaciones FinCEN
  </Card>

  <Card title="6AMLD (UE)" icon="flag">
    Sexta Directiva Europea contra Lavado de Dinero
  </Card>

  <Card title="UIF (LATAM)" icon="building-columns">
    Unidades de Inteligencia Financiera regionales
  </Card>
</CardGroup>

## Patrones Detectables

### 1. Estructuración (Smurfing)

División de grandes sumas en transacciones más pequeñas para evitar reportes obligatorios.

**Señales:**

* Múltiples transacciones justo debajo del umbral de reporte (\$10,000 USD)
* Mismo origen/destino, diferentes montos
* Patrón repetitivo en días consecutivos

**Regla de Ejemplo:**

```json theme={null}
{
  "name": "Structuring Detection - $10K Threshold",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 900,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "amountInUsd",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 9000
      },
      {
        "field": "amountInUsd",
        "operator": "LESS_THAN",
        "value": 10000
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.transactionsSameOriginLast7d",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL",
        "value": 3
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.totalAmountSameOriginLast7d",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 25000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "high",
        "type": "possible_structuring",
        "message": "Possible structuring: Multiple transactions near $10K threshold"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "create_investigation",
      "config": {
        "priority": "high",
        "assignToTeam": "aml_compliance",
        "requiresSAR": true
      }
    }
  ]
}
```

### 2. Rapid Movement (Layering)

Movimiento rápido de fondos entre cuentas para ocultar el origen.

```json theme={null}
{
  "name": "Rapid Money Movement - Layering",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 850,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "type",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["TRANSFER", "WITHDRAWAL"]
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.transactionChainDepth",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL",
        "value": 3
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.timeInAccount",
        "operator": "LESS_THAN",
        "value": 3600
      },
      {
        "field": "amountInUsd",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 5000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "high",
        "type": "rapid_movement",
        "message": "Rapid money movement detected: Funds moved through {{metadata.transactionChainDepth}} accounts in {{metadata.timeInAccount}}s"
      }
    }
  ]
}
```

### 3. Países de Alto Riesgo

Transacciones desde/hacia jurisdicciones de alto riesgo según FATF.

```json theme={null}
{
  "name": "High-Risk Jurisdiction - FATF Grey List",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 950,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "sync",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "OR",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "metadata.originCountry",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["AF", "MM", "KP", "IR", "SY"]
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.destinationCountry",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["AF", "MM", "KP", "IR", "SY"]
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "critical",
        "type": "high_risk_jurisdiction",
        "message": "Transaction involves FATF high-risk jurisdiction"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "set_decision",
      "config": {
        "decision": "HOLD",
        "reason": "Enhanced due diligence required for high-risk jurisdiction"
      }
    }
  ]
}
```

### 4. PEPs (Politically Exposed Persons)

Monitoreo especial para personas expuestas políticamente.

```json theme={null}
{
  "name": "PEP Transaction Monitoring",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 900,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "operator": "OR",
        "conditions": [
          {
            "field": "metadata.originIsPEP",
            "operator": "EQUALS",
            "value": true
          },
          {
            "field": "metadata.destinationIsPEP",
            "operator": "EQUALS",
            "value": true
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "field": "amountInUsd",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 10000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "high",
        "type": "pep_transaction",
        "message": "High-value transaction involving PEP requires enhanced monitoring"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "create_investigation",
      "config": {
        "priority": "high",
        "assignToTeam": "aml_compliance",
        "requiresEDD": true
      }
    }
  ]
}
```

### 5. Round Dollar Amounts

Montos redondos exactos pueden indicar lavado de dinero.

```json theme={null}
{
  "name": "Round Dollar Amount Pattern",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 600,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "amount",
        "operator": "MATCHES_REGEX",
        "value": "^\\d+000(\\.00)?$"
      },
      {
        "field": "amountInUsd",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 5000
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.roundAmountFrequency",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 0.7
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "medium",
        "type": "round_amount_pattern",
        "message": "Frequent use of round dollar amounts ({{metadata.roundAmountFrequency}}% of transactions)"
      }
    }
  ]
}
```

### 6. Cash-Intensive Business

Monitoreo especial para negocios de alto uso de efectivo.

```json theme={null}
{
  "name": "Cash Business - Enhanced Monitoring",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 750,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "mccCode",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["5813", "7995", "7993", "7299"]
      },
      {
        "field": "origin.paymentMethod",
        "operator": "EQUALS",
        "value": "CASH"
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.dailyCashTotal",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 25000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "medium",
        "type": "cash_intensive_business",
        "message": "High daily cash volume for cash-intensive business: ${{metadata.dailyCashTotal}}"
      }
    }
  ]
}
```

## Umbrales de Reporte

### Estados Unidos (FinCEN)

| Tipo de Reporte                   | Umbral                           | Plazo   |
| --------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ------- |
| CTR (Currency Transaction Report) | \$10,000+ en efectivo            | 15 días |
| SAR (Suspicious Activity Report)  | \$5,000+ actividad sospechosa    | 30 días |
| FBAR (Foreign Bank Account)       | \$10,000+ en cuentas extranjeras | Anual   |

### Unión Europea (6AMLD)

| Tipo de Reporte                     | Umbral                     | Plazo     |
| ----------------------------------- | -------------------------- | --------- |
| STR (Suspicious Transaction Report) | Cualquier monto sospechoso | Inmediato |
| High-Value Transactions             | €10,000+                   | 30 días   |

### América Latina

| País      | Umbral de Reporte | Regulador  |
| --------- | ----------------- | ---------- |
| Brasil    | R\$10,000+        | COAF       |
| Argentina | \$10,000+ USD     | UIF        |
| México    | \$7,500+ USD      | UIF México |
| Colombia  | \$10,000+ USD     | UIAF       |

## Workflow de Cumplimiento

```mermaid theme={null}
graph TD
    A[Transacción Analizada] --> B{Regla AML Matched?}
    B -->|No| C[Continuar Normal]
    B -->|Sí| D[Generar Alerta]
    D --> E[Consolidar en Investigación]
    E --> F{Severidad}

    F -->|Low/Medium| G[Queue de Revisión]
    F -->|High/Critical| H[Alerta Inmediata]

    G --> I[Analista AML Revisa]
    H --> I

    I --> J{Decisión}
    J -->|Legítimo| K[Cerrar - False Positive]
    J -->|Sospechoso| L[Enhanced Due Diligence]

    L --> M{EDD Resultado}
    M -->|Satisfactorio| N[Cerrar - Monitoreado]
    M -->|No Satisfactorio| O[Preparar SAR/STR]

    O --> P[Enviar a Regulador]
    P --> Q[Bloquear/Cerrar Cuenta]
```

## Best Practices

### ✅ Recomendaciones

1. **Usa ASYNC para AML**
   * La mayoría de monitoreo AML no debe bloquear transacciones
   * Permite investigación detallada post-transacción
   * Reduce falsos positivos que frustran clientes

2. **Combina Indicadores**
   * Un indicador solo raramente es suficiente
   * Usa scoring basado en múltiples factores
   * Prioriza por riesgo acumulado

3. **Mantén Umbrales Actualizados**
   * Regulaciones cambian frecuentemente
   * Ajusta según jurisdicción
   * Considera inflación

4. **Documenta Todo**
   * Guarda logs detallados de evaluaciones
   * Registra decisiones de analistas
   * Mantén audit trail completo

5. **Entrena tu Equipo**
   * Capacitación continua en tipologías
   * Actualización en regulaciones
   * Simulacros de casos complejos

### 📊 KPIs Clave

```javascript theme={null}
// Métricas de efectividad AML
{
  "sar_filing_rate": {
    "description": "% de alertas que resultan en SAR",
    "target": "5-10%",
    "formula": "SARs_filed / Total_alerts"
  },
  "false_positive_rate": {
    "description": "% de alertas cerradas como legítimas",
    "target": "< 70%",
    "formula": "False_positives / Total_alerts"
  },
  "investigation_time": {
    "description": "Tiempo promedio de investigación",
    "target": "< 72h para high severity",
    "unit": "hours"
  },
  "coverage_rate": {
    "description": "% de transacciones monitoreadas",
    "target": "100%",
    "formula": "Transactions_monitored / Total_transactions"
  }
}
```

## Integración con Reguladores

### Formato SAR/STR

Todas las investigaciones pueden exportarse en formatos regulatorios:

```json theme={null}
{
  "sarReport": {
    "reportId": "SAR-2024-10-001",
    "filingInstitution": "Your Fintech Inc",
    "subjectInfo": {
      "name": "John Doe",
      "taxId": "XXX-XX-1234",
      "address": "123 Main St"
    },
    "suspiciousActivity": {
      "type": "Structuring",
      "description": "Multiple transactions just below $10,000 threshold",
      "transactions": [
        {
          "date": "2024-10-15",
          "amount": 9500,
          "description": "Wire transfer"
        }
      ],
      "totalAmount": 47500,
      "timeframe": "2024-10-10 to 2024-10-20"
    },
    "narrative": "Over a 10-day period, subject conducted 5 wire transfers ranging from $9,000 to $9,800, totaling $47,500. Pattern suggests possible structuring to avoid CTR filing requirement."
  }
}
```

## Próximos Pasos

<CardGroup cols={2}>
  <Card title="Merchant Monitoring" icon="store" href="/es/use-cases/transaction-monitoring/merchant-monitoring">
    Supervisa merchants para adquirentes y subadquirentes
  </Card>

  <Card title="Detección de Fraude" icon="shield" href="/es/use-cases/transaction-monitoring/fraud-detection">
    Protege contra fraude en tiempo real
  </Card>

  <Card title="API Reference" icon="code" href="/es/use-cases/transaction-monitoring/api-reference">
    Documentación completa del endpoint
  </Card>

  <Card title="Configurar Reglas" icon="sliders" href="/es/use-cases/transaction-monitoring/rules-configuration">
    Guía para crear reglas AML efectivas
  </Card>
</CardGroup>