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Introducción

El monitoreo AML (Anti-Money Laundering) es un requisito regulatorio para instituciones financieras, fintechs y procesadores de pago. gu1 te permite detectar patrones sospechosos de lavado de dinero, estructuración y financiamiento del terrorismo en tiempo real.

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Regulaciones Cubiertas

FATF/GAFI

Financial Action Task Force - Estándares internacionales

BSA/AML (USA)

Bank Secrecy Act y regulaciones FinCEN

6AMLD (UE)

Sexta Directiva Europea contra Lavado de Dinero

UIF (LATAM)

Unidades de Inteligencia Financiera regionales

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Patrones Detectables

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1. Estructuración (Smurfing)

División de grandes sumas en transacciones más pequeñas para evitar reportes obligatorios. Señales:
  • Múltiples transacciones justo debajo del umbral de reporte ($10,000 USD)
  • Mismo origen/destino, diferentes montos
  • Patrón repetitivo en días consecutivos
Regla de Ejemplo: 
{
  "name": "Structuring Detection - $10K Threshold",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 900,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "amountBaseCurrency",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 9000
      },
      {
        "field": "amountBaseCurrency",
        "operator": "LESS_THAN",
        "value": 10000
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.transactionsSameOriginLast7d",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL",
        "value": 3
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.totalAmountSameOriginLast7d",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 25000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "high",
        "type": "possible_structuring",
        "message": "Possible structuring: Multiple transactions near $10K threshold"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "create_investigation",
      "config": {
        "priority": "high",
        "assignToTeam": "aml_compliance",
        "requiresSAR": true
      }
    }
  ]
}

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2. Rapid Movement (Layering)

Movimiento rápido de fondos entre cuentas para ocultar el origen. 
{
  "name": "Rapid Money Movement - Layering",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 850,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "type",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["TRANSFER", "WITHDRAWAL"]
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.transactionChainDepth",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL",
        "value": 3
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.timeInAccount",
        "operator": "LESS_THAN",
        "value": 3600
      },
      {
        "field": "amountBaseCurrency",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 5000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "high",
        "type": "rapid_movement",
        "message": "Rapid money movement detected: Funds moved through {{metadata.transactionChainDepth}} accounts in {{metadata.timeInAccount}}s"
      }
    }
  ]
}

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3. Países de Alto Riesgo

Transacciones desde/hacia jurisdicciones de alto riesgo según FATF. 
{
  "name": "High-Risk Jurisdiction - FATF Grey List",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 950,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "sync",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "OR",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "metadata.originCountry",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["AF", "MM", "KP", "IR", "SY"]
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.destinationCountry",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["AF", "MM", "KP", "IR", "SY"]
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "critical",
        "type": "high_risk_jurisdiction",
        "message": "Transaction involves FATF high-risk jurisdiction"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "set_decision",
      "config": {
        "decision": "HOLD",
        "reason": "Enhanced due diligence required for high-risk jurisdiction"
      }
    }
  ]
}

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4. PEPs (Politically Exposed Persons)

Monitoreo especial para personas expuestas políticamente. 
{
  "name": "PEP Transaction Monitoring",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 900,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "operator": "OR",
        "conditions": [
          {
            "field": "metadata.originIsPEP",
            "operator": "EQUALS",
            "value": true
          },
          {
            "field": "metadata.destinationIsPEP",
            "operator": "EQUALS",
            "value": true
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "field": "amountBaseCurrency",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 10000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "high",
        "type": "pep_transaction",
        "message": "High-value transaction involving PEP requires enhanced monitoring"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "create_investigation",
      "config": {
        "priority": "high",
        "assignToTeam": "aml_compliance",
        "requiresEDD": true
      }
    }
  ]
}

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5. Round Dollar Amounts

Montos redondos exactos pueden indicar lavado de dinero. 
{
  "name": "Round Dollar Amount Pattern",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 600,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "amount",
        "operator": "MATCHES_REGEX",
        "value": "^\\d+000(\\.00)?$"
      },
      {
        "field": "amountBaseCurrency",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 5000
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.roundAmountFrequency",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 0.7
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "medium",
        "type": "round_amount_pattern",
        "message": "Frequent use of round dollar amounts ({{metadata.roundAmountFrequency}}% of transactions)"
      }
    }
  ]
}

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6. Cash-Intensive Business

Monitoreo especial para negocios de alto uso de efectivo. 
{
  "name": "Cash Business - Enhanced Monitoring",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 750,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "mccCode",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["5813", "7995", "7993", "7299"]
      },
      {
        "field": "origin.paymentMethod",
        "operator": "EQUALS",
        "value": "CASH"
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.dailyCashTotal",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 25000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "medium",
        "type": "cash_intensive_business",
        "message": "High daily cash volume for cash-intensive business: ${{metadata.dailyCashTotal}}"
      }
    }
  ]
}

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Umbrales de Reporte

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Estados Unidos (FinCEN)

Tipo de ReporteUmbralPlazo
CTR (Currency Transaction Report)$10,000+ en efectivo15 días
SAR (Suspicious Activity Report)$5,000+ actividad sospechosa30 días
FBAR (Foreign Bank Account)$10,000+ en cuentas extranjerasAnual

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Unión Europea (6AMLD)

Tipo de ReporteUmbralPlazo
STR (Suspicious Transaction Report)Cualquier monto sospechosoInmediato
High-Value Transactions€10,000+30 días

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América Latina

PaísUmbral de ReporteRegulador
BrasilR$10,000+COAF
Argentina$10,000+ USDUIF
México$7,500+ USDUIF México
Colombia$10,000+ USDUIAF

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Workflow de Cumplimiento

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Best Practices

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✅ Recomendaciones

  1. Usa ASYNC para AML
    • La mayoría de monitoreo AML no debe bloquear transacciones
    • Permite investigación detallada post-transacción
    • Reduce falsos positivos que frustran clientes
  2. Combina Indicadores
    • Un indicador solo raramente es suficiente
    • Usa scoring basado en múltiples factores
    • Prioriza por riesgo acumulado
  3. Mantén Umbrales Actualizados
    • Regulaciones cambian frecuentemente
    • Ajusta según jurisdicción
    • Considera inflación
  4. Documenta Todo
    • Guarda logs detallados de evaluaciones
    • Registra decisiones de analistas
    • Mantén audit trail completo
  5. Entrena tu Equipo
    • Capacitación continua en tipologías
    • Actualización en regulaciones
    • Simulacros de casos complejos

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📊 KPIs Clave

// Métricas de efectividad AML
{
  "sar_filing_rate": {
    "description": "% de alertas que resultan en SAR",
    "target": "5-10%",
    "formula": "SARs_filed / Total_alerts"
  },
  "false_positive_rate": {
    "description": "% de alertas cerradas como legítimas",
    "target": "< 70%",
    "formula": "False_positives / Total_alerts"
  },
  "investigation_time": {
    "description": "Tiempo promedio de investigación",
    "target": "< 72h para high severity",
    "unit": "hours"
  },
  "coverage_rate": {
    "description": "% de transacciones monitoreadas",
    "target": "100%",
    "formula": "Transactions_monitored / Total_transactions"
  }
}

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Integración con Reguladores

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Formato SAR/STR

Todas las investigaciones pueden exportarse en formatos regulatorios: 
{
  "sarReport": {
    "reportId": "SAR-2024-10-001",
    "filingInstitution": "Your Fintech Inc",
    "subjectInfo": {
      "name": "John Doe",
      "taxId": "XXX-XX-1234",
      "address": "123 Main St"
    },
    "suspiciousActivity": {
      "type": "Structuring",
      "description": "Multiple transactions just below $10,000 threshold",
      "transactions": [
        {
          "date": "2024-10-15",
          "amount": 9500,
          "description": "Wire transfer"
        }
      ],
      "totalAmount": 47500,
      "timeframe": "2024-10-10 to 2024-10-20"
    },
    "narrative": "Over a 10-day period, subject conducted 5 wire transfers ranging from $9,000 to $9,800, totaling $47,500. Pattern suggests possible structuring to avoid CTR filing requirement."
  }
}

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Próximos Pasos

Merchant Monitoring

Supervisa merchants para adquirentes y subadquirentes

Detección de Fraude

Protege contra fraude en tiempo real

API Reference

Documentación completa del endpoint

Configurar Reglas

Guía para crear reglas AML efectivas