Monitoreo AML

Introducción

El monitoreo AML (Anti-Money Laundering) es un requisito regulatorio para instituciones financieras, fintechs y procesadores de pago. gu1 te permite detectar patrones sospechosos de lavado de dinero, estructuración y financiamiento del terrorismo en tiempo real.

Regulaciones Cubiertas

FATF/GAFI

Financial Action Task Force - Estándares internacionales

BSA/AML (USA)

Bank Secrecy Act y regulaciones FinCEN

6AMLD (UE)

Sexta Directiva Europea contra Lavado de Dinero

UIF (LATAM)

Unidades de Inteligencia Financiera regionales

Patrones Detectables

1. Estructuración (Smurfing)

División de grandes sumas en transacciones más pequeñas para evitar reportes obligatorios. Señales:

Múltiples transacciones justo debajo del umbral de reporte ($10,000 USD)
Mismo origen/destino, diferentes montos
Patrón repetitivo en días consecutivos

Regla de Ejemplo:

{
  "name": "Structuring Detection - $10K Threshold",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 900,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "amountInUsd",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 9000
      },
      {
        "field": "amountInUsd",
        "operator": "LESS_THAN",
        "value": 10000
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.transactionsSameOriginLast7d",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL",
        "value": 3
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.totalAmountSameOriginLast7d",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 25000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "high",
        "type": "possible_structuring",
        "message": "Possible structuring: Multiple transactions near $10K threshold"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "create_investigation",
      "config": {
        "priority": "high",
        "assignToTeam": "aml_compliance",
        "requiresSAR": true
      }
    }
  ]
}

2. Rapid Movement (Layering)

Movimiento rápido de fondos entre cuentas para ocultar el origen.

{
  "name": "Rapid Money Movement - Layering",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 850,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "type",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["TRANSFER", "WITHDRAWAL"]
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.transactionChainDepth",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN_OR_EQUAL",
        "value": 3
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.timeInAccount",
        "operator": "LESS_THAN",
        "value": 3600
      },
      {
        "field": "amountInUsd",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 5000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "high",
        "type": "rapid_movement",
        "message": "Rapid money movement detected: Funds moved through {{metadata.transactionChainDepth}} accounts in {{metadata.timeInAccount}}s"
      }
    }
  ]
}

3. Países de Alto Riesgo

Transacciones desde/hacia jurisdicciones de alto riesgo según FATF.

{
  "name": "High-Risk Jurisdiction - FATF Grey List",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 950,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "sync",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "OR",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "metadata.originCountry",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["AF", "MM", "KP", "IR", "SY"]
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.destinationCountry",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["AF", "MM", "KP", "IR", "SY"]
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "critical",
        "type": "high_risk_jurisdiction",
        "message": "Transaction involves FATF high-risk jurisdiction"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "set_decision",
      "config": {
        "decision": "HOLD",
        "reason": "Enhanced due diligence required for high-risk jurisdiction"
      }
    }
  ]
}

4. PEPs (Politically Exposed Persons)

Monitoreo especial para personas expuestas políticamente.

{
  "name": "PEP Transaction Monitoring",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 900,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "operator": "OR",
        "conditions": [
          {
            "field": "metadata.originIsPEP",
            "operator": "EQUALS",
            "value": true
          },
          {
            "field": "metadata.destinationIsPEP",
            "operator": "EQUALS",
            "value": true
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "field": "amountInUsd",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 10000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "high",
        "type": "pep_transaction",
        "message": "High-value transaction involving PEP requires enhanced monitoring"
      }
    },
    {
      "type": "create_investigation",
      "config": {
        "priority": "high",
        "assignToTeam": "aml_compliance",
        "requiresEDD": true
      }
    }
  ]
}

5. Round Dollar Amounts

Montos redondos exactos pueden indicar lavado de dinero.

{
  "name": "Round Dollar Amount Pattern",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 600,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "amount",
        "operator": "MATCHES_REGEX",
        "value": "^\\d+000(\\.00)?$"
      },
      {
        "field": "amountInUsd",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 5000
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.roundAmountFrequency",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 0.7
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "medium",
        "type": "round_amount_pattern",
        "message": "Frequent use of round dollar amounts ({{metadata.roundAmountFrequency}}% of transactions)"
      }
    }
  ]
}

6. Cash-Intensive Business

Monitoreo especial para negocios de alto uso de efectivo.

{
  "name": "Cash Business - Enhanced Monitoring",
  "category": "aml",
  "priority": 750,
  "enabled": true,
  "evaluationMode": "async",
  "targetEntityTypes": ["transaction"],
  "conditions": {
    "operator": "AND",
    "conditions": [
      {
        "field": "mccCode",
        "operator": "IN",
        "value": ["5813", "7995", "7993", "7299"]
      },
      {
        "field": "origin.paymentMethod",
        "operator": "EQUALS",
        "value": "CASH"
      },
      {
        "field": "metadata.dailyCashTotal",
        "operator": "GREATER_THAN",
        "value": 25000
      }
    ]
  },
  "actions": [
    {
      "type": "generate_alert",
      "config": {
        "severity": "medium",
        "type": "cash_intensive_business",
        "message": "High daily cash volume for cash-intensive business: ${{metadata.dailyCashTotal}}"
      }
    }
  ]
}

Umbrales de Reporte

Estados Unidos (FinCEN)

Tipo de Reporte	Umbral	Plazo
CTR (Currency Transaction Report)	$10,000+ en efectivo	15 días
SAR (Suspicious Activity Report)	$5,000+ actividad sospechosa	30 días
FBAR (Foreign Bank Account)	$10,000+ en cuentas extranjeras	Anual

Unión Europea (6AMLD)

Tipo de Reporte	Umbral	Plazo
STR (Suspicious Transaction Report)	Cualquier monto sospechoso	Inmediato
High-Value Transactions	€10,000+	30 días

América Latina

País	Umbral de Reporte	Regulador
Brasil	R$10,000+	COAF
Argentina	$10,000+ USD	UIF
México	$7,500+ USD	UIF México
Colombia	$10,000+ USD	UIAF

Workflow de Cumplimiento

Best Practices

✅ Recomendaciones

Usa ASYNC para AML
- La mayoría de monitoreo AML no debe bloquear transacciones
- Permite investigación detallada post-transacción
- Reduce falsos positivos que frustran clientes
Combina Indicadores
- Un indicador solo raramente es suficiente
- Usa scoring basado en múltiples factores
- Prioriza por riesgo acumulado
Mantén Umbrales Actualizados
- Regulaciones cambian frecuentemente
- Ajusta según jurisdicción
- Considera inflación
Documenta Todo
- Guarda logs detallados de evaluaciones
- Registra decisiones de analistas
- Mantén audit trail completo
Entrena tu Equipo
- Capacitación continua en tipologías
- Actualización en regulaciones
- Simulacros de casos complejos

📊 KPIs Clave

// Métricas de efectividad AML
{
  "sar_filing_rate": {
    "description": "% de alertas que resultan en SAR",
    "target": "5-10%",
    "formula": "SARs_filed / Total_alerts"
  },
  "false_positive_rate": {
    "description": "% de alertas cerradas como legítimas",
    "target": "< 70%",
    "formula": "False_positives / Total_alerts"
  },
  "investigation_time": {
    "description": "Tiempo promedio de investigación",
    "target": "< 72h para high severity",
    "unit": "hours"
  },
  "coverage_rate": {
    "description": "% de transacciones monitoreadas",
    "target": "100%",
    "formula": "Transactions_monitored / Total_transactions"
  }
}

Integración con Reguladores

Formato SAR/STR

Todas las investigaciones pueden exportarse en formatos regulatorios:

{
  "sarReport": {
    "reportId": "SAR-2024-10-001",
    "filingInstitution": "Your Fintech Inc",
    "subjectInfo": {
      "name": "John Doe",
      "taxId": "XXX-XX-1234",
      "address": "123 Main St"
    },
    "suspiciousActivity": {
      "type": "Structuring",
      "description": "Multiple transactions just below $10,000 threshold",
      "transactions": [
        {
          "date": "2024-10-15",
          "amount": 9500,
          "description": "Wire transfer"
        }
      ],
      "totalAmount": 47500,
      "timeframe": "2024-10-10 to 2024-10-20"
    },
    "narrative": "Over a 10-day period, subject conducted 5 wire transfers ranging from $9,000 to $9,800, totaling $47,500. Pattern suggests possible structuring to avoid CTR filing requirement."
  }
}

Próximos Pasos

Merchant Monitoring

Supervisa merchants para adquirentes y subadquirentes

Detección de Fraude

Protege contra fraude en tiempo real

API Reference

Documentación completa del endpoint

Configurar Reglas

Guía para crear reglas AML efectivas

​Introducción

​Regulaciones Cubiertas

FATF/GAFI

BSA/AML (USA)

6AMLD (UE)

UIF (LATAM)

​Patrones Detectables

​1. Estructuración (Smurfing)

​2. Rapid Movement (Layering)

​3. Países de Alto Riesgo

​4. PEPs (Politically Exposed Persons)

​5. Round Dollar Amounts

​6. Cash-Intensive Business

​Umbrales de Reporte

​Estados Unidos (FinCEN)

​Unión Europea (6AMLD)

​América Latina

​Workflow de Cumplimiento

​Best Practices

​✅ Recomendaciones

​📊 KPIs Clave

​Integración con Reguladores

​Formato SAR/STR

​Próximos Pasos